Cochlear implantation in Waardenburg syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a genetic condition associated with moderate to profound sensorineural hearing loss. The aim of this review is to characterize cochlear implant (CI) outcomes in patients with a confirmed clinical diagnosis of WS. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. REVIEW METHODS: All reports describing defined sets of patients with WS who underwent CI and subsequent evaluation of clinical outcomes were included. To harmonize outcome data between studies that used different measures, a binary variable Favored CI was developed to capture success of procedures (1 = favored, 0 = unfavored) based on original authors' description, commentary, discussion, and conclusions. Expert reviewers independently reviewed and selected articles, extracted data and scored Favored CI values. Synthetic and analytic meta-analyses were implemented using standard analytic techniques. RESULTS: Twenty articles meeting inclusion criteria provided data on 192 WS patients and 210 CIs. The mean age at CI was 3.8 years (95% confidence interval [95%CI]; 3.1-4.5 years), and the mean duration of follow up was 5.2 years (95% CI; 3.4-7.0 years). Surgical complications were rare (11/210 implants, 5.2%) where gusher was the most common complication. CIs yielded favorable hearing outcomes in 90% (95% CI; 84-94%) of cases, and appear successful for those with temporal bone anomalies (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative synthesis of the study data demonstrates that in the majority of patients with WS, CI yield favorable hearing outcomes and low rates of surgical complications. CI has shown to provide clinical benefits in patients with WS.

Expression of unfolded protein response markers in the pheochromocytoma with Waardenburg syndrome: a case report.

BACKGROUND: It is clinically emergent to further understand the pathological mechanism to advance therapeutic strategy for endocrine tumors. A high amount of secretory protein with tumorigenic triggers are thought to induce unfolded protein response in endoplasmic reticulum in endocrine tumors, but its evidence is limited. CASE PRESENTATION: A 40-year-old woman had an approximately 10-year history of intermittent headaches. After the incidental detection of a mass in her right adrenal gland by CT scan, she was admitted to our hospital. She had been diagnosed as type 1 Waardenburg syndrome with the symptoms of dystopia canthorum, blue iris, and left sensorineural hearing loss. Urinary catecholamine levels were markedly elevated. 123I-MIBG scintigraphy showed uptake in the mass in her adrenal gland. After the adrenalectomy, her headaches disappeared and urinary catecholamine levels decreased to normal range within 2 weeks. Genome sequencing revealed germline mutation of c.A175T (p.Ile59Phe) in transcription factor PAX3 gene and somatic novel mutation of c.1893_1898del (p. Asp631_Leu633delinsGlu) in proto-oncogene RET in her pheochromocytoma. RNA expression levels of RET were increased 139 times in her pheochromocytoma compared with her normal adrenal gland. Those of unfolded protein response markers, Bip/GRP78, CHOP, ATF4, and ATF6, were also increased in the pheochromocytoma. CONCLUSION: We report a rare case of pheochromocytoma with type 1 Waardenburg syndrome. This is the first case to show the activation of unfolded protein response in the pheochromocytoma with the novel somatic mutation in RET gene. Our findings may support that unfolded protein response is activated in endocrine tumors, which potentially could be a candidate of therapeutic target.

A recalcitrant case of Jacquet erosive diaper dermatitis after surgery for Hirschsprung disease in a boy with Waardenburg-Shah syndrome.

We herein present a 4 year-old boy with Waardenburg-Shah syndrome who developed Jacquet erosive diaper dermatitis following a total colectomy and ileoanal anastomosis procedure for Hirschsprung disease. The diagnosis was made according to history and typical clinical findings. Complete resolution of the recalcitrant lesions after an ileostomy procedure supported the diagnosis. This case highlights the importance of being familiar with the predisposing factors and clinical presentation of this rare and severe form of chronic irritant dermatitis, since it may easily be misdiagnosed as other diseases in children and may lead to unnecessary diagnostic procedures, treatments, and anxiety due to suspicion of child abuse.

The outcome of cochlear implantation among children with genetic syndromes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome and efficacy of cochlear implantation in children with genetic syndromes. METHOD: Study design: case-control study. SETTING: A cochlear implantation tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: All pediatric cochlear implantation recipients with Waardenburg syndrome, Usher syndrome, Dandy-Walker syndrome, or albinism. A control group was appropriately matched to the syndromic group with regard to age at implantation and duration of device use. INTERVENTION: Cochlear implantation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjects' auditory abilities, speech intelligibility, and pure tone thresholds were compared between the syndromic and non-syndromic group. RESULTS: A total of 25 subjects (13 syndromic and 12 non-syndromic) participated in the study. Neither auditory ability nor speech intelligibility scores differed significantly by group. The final PTA of both the groups showed normal-to-mild hearing loss: 26 dB HL in the syndromic group and 23 dB HL for the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Cochlear implant recipients with genetic syndromes achieved similar levels auditory perception and speech intelligibility as their peers with a genetic syndrome. The presence of any of the genetic syndromes described herein should not be a contraindication to cochlear implant provision, as it would have a positive impact on the patients' sensory perception and lifestyle.

Outcomes of cochlear implantation for the patients with specific genetic etiologies: a systematic literature review.

CONCLUSION: Most of the cases with gene mutations of intra-cochlear etiology showed relatively good CI outcomes. To progress toward more solid evidence-based CI intervention, a greater number of reports including CI outcomes for specific gene mutations are desired. BACKGROUND: Cochlear implantation (CI) is the most important and effective treatment for patients with profound sensorineural hearing loss. However, the outcomes of CI vary among patients. One of the reasons of this heterogeneous outcome for cochlear implantation is thought to be the heterogeneous nature of hearing loss. Indeed, genetic factors, the most common etiology in severe-to-profound hearing loss, might be one of the key determinants of outcomes for CI and electric acoustic stimulation (EAS). Patients with genetic causes involving an 'intra-cochlear' etiology show good CI/EAS outcomes. REVIEW: This review article aimed to summarize the reports on CI/EAS outcomes in patients with special genetic causes as well as to assist in future clinical decision-making. Most of the cases were suspected of an intra-cochlear etiology, such as those with GJB2, SLC26A4, and OTOF mutations, which showed relatively good CI outcomes. However, there have only been a limited number of reports on patients with other gene mutations.

Waardenburg Syndrome: An Unusual Indication of Cochlear Implantation Experienced in 11 Patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to present the surgical findings of children with Waardenburg syndrome (WS) and investigate speech development after cochlear implantation in this unique group of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review of the patients diagnosed with WS and implanted between 1998 and 2015 was performed. Categories of auditory performance (CAP) test were used to assess the auditory skills of these patients. CAP is a nonlinear hierarchical scale used to rate a child's developing auditory abilities. Preoperative test results and intraoperative surgical findings of these patients have been presented. RESULTS: In total, 1835 cases were implanted a tour institution, and 1210 of these were children. Among these implantees, 11 were diagnosed with WS (0.59% of all implantees). Four of the 11 patients showed incomplete partition type 2bony labyrinth abnormality (Mondini deformity) and all patients showed intraoperative gusher during cochleostomy, which was subsided through routine interventions. No other complications occurred during surgery, and all patients showed satisfactory CAP results in the late postoperative period. CONCLUSION: Our experiences with cochlear implantation in patients with WS showed that the procedure is safe and effective in this group of patients. Surgeons should be aware of possible labyrinth malformations and intraoperative problems such as gusher in these patients. In long term, auditory performances may exhibit satisfactory results with optimal postoperative educational and supportive measures.

The Hearing Outcomes of Cochlear Implantation in Waardenburg Syndrome.

Objectives. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of cochlear implantation for sensorineural hearing loss in patients with Waardenburg syndrome. Method. A retrospective chart review was performed on patients who underwent cochlear implantation at the University of Tokyo Hospital. Clinical classification, genetic mutation, clinical course, preoperative hearing threshold, high-resolution computed tomography of the temporal bone, and postoperative hearing outcome were assessed. Result. Five children with Waardenburg syndrome underwent cochlear implantation. The average age at implantation was 2 years 11 months (ranging from 1 year 9 months to 6 years 3 months). Four patients had congenital profound hearing loss and one patient had progressive hearing loss. Two patients had an inner ear malformation of cochlear incomplete partition type 2. No surgical complication or difficulty was seen in any patient. All patients showed good hearing outcome postoperatively. Conclusion. Cochlear implantation could be a good treatment option for Waardenburg syndrome.

Implante coclear en síndrome de Waardenburg: nuestra experiencia / Cochlear implant in Waardenburg syndrome: our experience / Implante coclear em síndrome de Waardenburg: nossa experiência

Introducción: El síndrome de Waardenburg hace referencia a un grupo de enfermedades hereditarias que aparecen como consecuencia de una alteración de la migración de células derivadas de la cresta neural entre la octava y décima semana de gestación. De ellas derivan melanocitos que migran a la estría vascular del órgano de Corti. Estos pacientes se caracterizan por presentar hipoacusia neurosensorial congénita de grado variable y alteraciones pigmentarias en piel, cabello y ojos. Su incidencia es de 1/42.000 habitantes y corresponde al 5% de hipoacusia neurosensorial sindrómica, siendo la causa más frecuente con patrón de herencia dominante. Método: Revisión de 4 pacientes menores de 18 años, con síndrome de Waardenburg asociado a hipoacusia neurosensorial severa a profunda, uni o bilateral, implantados en nuestro servicio. Se estudiaron todos los pacientes con audiometría tonal, logoaudiometría, potenciales evocados auditivos de tronco, tomografía computada y resonancia magnética. Además todos los pacientes contaban con estudio genético, psicodiagnóstico y seguimiento por pediatría, dermatología y oftalmología. Resultados: Todos nuestros pacientes presentaron telemetrías de impedancia normales, sus implantes fueron encendidos al mes postquirúrgico y en todos los casos se registraron buenos resultados audiológicos y mejoría en su calidad de vida. Conclusiones: Creemos importante conocer los aspectos básicos de esta patología para poder realizar una derivación pertinente y una atención en forma interdisciplinaria del paciente. La colocación de implantes cocleares en este grupo de pacientes con hipoacusia neurosensorial severa a profunda es satisfactorio.

Background: Waardenburg syndrome refers to agroup of inherited diseases that occur due to alteredmigration of cells derived from neural crest betweenthe eighth and tenth week of pregnancy. Ofthose derived melanocytes that migrate to the groovevascular organ of Corti. These patients are characterizedby congenital sensorineural hearing lossof variable degree and pigmentary changes in skin,hair and eyes. Its incidence is 1/42000 inhabitants and corresponds to 5% of syndromic sensorineuralhearing loss being the most common cause with dominantinheritance pattern. Method: Review of 4 patients under 18 years withWaardenburg syndrome associated with severeto profound sensorineural hearing loss, unilateralor bilateral, implanted in our service. All patientswere studied with audiometry, speech perceptiontest, brain stem auditory evoked responses, CT andMRI. Additionally, all patients had genetic testing,pedagogic evaluation and follow-up by pediatrics,dermatology and ophthalmology. Results: All our patients had normal impedancetelemetry, their implants were fired at postoperative month and in all cases good audiological resultsand improvement occurred in their quality of life.Conclusions: We believe that it’s important toknow the basics of this disease to make an appropriatereferral and interdisciplinary approach of the patient. Cochlear implants in this group of patientswith severe to profound sensorineural hearing lossis satisfactory.

Introdução: A síndrome de Waardenburg faz referência a um grupo de doenças hereditárias que aparecem como consequência de uma alteração da migração de células derivadas da crista neural entre a oitava e a décima semana de gestação. Delas derivam melanócitos que migram para a estria vascular do órgão de Corti. Estes pacientes se caracterizam por apresentar hipoacusia neurossensorial congênita de grau variável e alterações pigmentares na pele, cabelo e olhos. A incidência é de 1/42000 habitante-se corresponde a 5% de hipoacusia neurossensorial sindrômica sendo a causa mais frequente com padrão de herança dominante.Método: Revisão de 4 pacientes menores de 18anos, com síndrome de Waardenburg associada à hipoacusia neurossensorial severa a profunda, uniou bilateral, implantados no nosso serviço. Foram estudados todos os pacientes com audiometria tonal, logo audiometria, potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética. Além disso, todos os pacientes contavam com estudo genético, psicodiagnóstico e acompanhamento por pediatria, dermatologia e oftalmologia.Resultados: Todos os nossos pacientes apresentaram telemetrias de impedância normais, os seus implantes foram ligados um mês após a cirurgia e em todos os casos foram registrados bons resultados audiológicos e melhoria na sua qualidade de vida.Conclusões: Acreditamos que seja importante conhecer os aspectos básicos desta patologia para poder realizar uma derivação pertinente e um atendimento interdisciplinar do paciente. A colocação de implantes cocleares neste grupo de pacientes com hipoacusia neurossensorial severa a profunda é satisfatória.

Cochlear implant rehabilitation outcomes in Waardenburg syndrome children.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to review the outcomes of children with documented Waardenburg syndrome implanted in the ENT Department of Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra, concerning postoperative speech perception and production, in comparison to the rest of non-syndromic implanted children. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed for children congenitally deaf who had undergone cochlear implantation with multichannel implants, diagnosed as having Waardenburg syndrome, between 1992 and 2011. Postoperative performance outcomes were assessed and confronted with results obtained by children with non-syndromic congenital deafness also implanted in our department. Open-set auditory perception skills were evaluated by using European Portuguese speech discrimination tests (vowels test, monosyllabic word test, number word test and words in sentence test). Meaningful auditory integration scales (MAIS) and categories of auditory performance (CAP) were also measured. Speech production was further assessed and included results on meaningful use of speech Scale (MUSS) and speech intelligibility rating (SIR). RESULTS: To date, 6 implanted children were clinically identified as having WS type I, and one met the diagnosis of type II. All WS children received multichannel cochlear implants, with a mean age at implantation of 30.6±9.7months (ranging from 19 to 42months). Postoperative outcomes in WS children were similar to other nonsyndromic children. In addition, in number word and vowels discrimination test WS group showed slightly better performances, as well as in MUSS and MAIS assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Our study has shown that cochlear implantation should be considered a rehabilitative option for Waardenburg syndrome children with profound deafness, enabling the development and improvement of speech perception and production abilities in this group of patients, reinforcing their candidacy for this audio-oral rehabilitation method.

Outcomes and special considerations of cochlear implantation in waardenburg syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was a state-of-the-art analysis of cochlear implantation in patients with Waardenburg syndrome (WS). PATIENTS: Twenty-five patients with WS treated with cochlear implants in our department from 1990 to 2010. INTERVENTIONS: The 25 patients with WS underwent 35 cochlear implantations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hearing outcome was evaluated using HSM sentence test in 65 dB in quiet, Freiburg Monosyllabic Test, and categories of auditory performance for children and compared with that of a control group. Anatomic abnormalities of the inner ear were examined using magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography of the temporal bones. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 8.3 years (range, 0.3-18.3 yr). The majority achieved favorable postimplantation performance with mean HSM scores of 75.3% (range, 22.6%-99%) and Freiburg Monosyllabic Test scores of 67.8% (range, 14%-95%). However, in 4 cases, the results were less satisfactory. The comparison with the control group did not reveal any statistical significance (p = 0.56). In 6 patients (24%), behavioral disorders caused temporary difficulties during the rehabilitation procedure. Except of isolated large vestibule in 1 patient, the radiological assessment of the 50 temporal bones did not reveal any temporal bone abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Most patients with WS performed well with cochlear implants. However, WS is related to behavioral disorders that may cause temporary rehabilitation difficulties. Finally, temporal bone malformations that could affect cochlear implantation are notcharacteristic of WS.

Conversion disorder: a missed diagnosis leading to cochlear reimplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of a patient presenting with presumed cochlear implant (CI) device failure that underwent revision surgery and was ultimately diagnosed with conversion disorder. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical capsule report. SETTING: Tertiary academic referral center. PATIENT: A pediatric patient with Waardenburg syndrome underwent unilateral CI at the age of 6 years for bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss. During the following 2 years, the patient experienced subjective symptoms of device malfunction including abnormal sounds and intermittent loss of signal despite external component exchange. The patient subsequently underwent revision surgery only to have persistent intermittent complaints. Given the severity of the symptoms, the patient underwent a second reimplantation procedure. Extensive device testing by our institutional implant program and the manufacturer failed to reveal any causal device defects. INTERVENTIONS AND RESULTS: Given the ongoing but inconsistent subjective complaints and normal device testing, the patient was referred for psychiatric consultation to evaluate for a nonorganic underlying cause. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with conversion disorder and successfully managed with ongoing psychiatric counseling and close follow-up with our CI program. CONCLUSION: This represents the first report of a patient presenting with symptoms of device failure, who underwent revision surgery and was ultimately found to have conversion disorder. Although rare, conversion disorder should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with symptoms of device malfunction and normal integrity testing particularly among those with significant psychosocial stressors or a history of psychiatric illness. Thorough device testing and in-depth psychological evaluation is required for diagnosis, and close multidisciplinary follow-up with the CI team and psychiatrist is crucial.

[Cochlear implantation in patients with Waardenburg syndrome type II].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the multi-channel cochlear implantation in patients with Waardenburg syndrome including surgeries, pre and postoperative hearing assessments as well as outcomes of speech recognition. METHOD: Multi-channel cochlear implantation surgeries have been performed in 12 cases with Waardenburg syndrome type II in our department from 2000 to 2008. All the patients received multi-channel cochlear implantation through transmastoid facial recess approach. The postoperative outcomes of 12 cases were compared with 12 cases with no inner ear malformation as a control group. RESULT: The electrodes were totally inserted into the cochlear successfully, there was no facial paralysis and cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred after operation. The hearing threshold in this series were similar to that of the normal cochlear implantation. After more than half a year of speech rehabilitation, the abilities of speech discrimination and spoken language of all the patients were improved compared with that of preoperation. CONCLUSION: Multi-channel cochlear implantation could be performed in the cases with Waardenburg syndrome, preoperative hearing and images assessments should be done.

Cochlear implantation in Waardenburg syndrome: The Indian scenario.

CONCLUSION: Children with Waardenburg syndrome (WS) exhibiting normal inner ear anatomy, like those included in our cohort, derive significant benefit from cochlear implantation and results are comparable to those reported for the general population of implanted children. OBJECTIVES: The patient population of WS accounts for approximately 2% of congenitally deaf children. The purpose of this retrospective case review was to describe the outcomes for those children with WS who have undergone cochlear implantation. METHODS: On retrospective chart review, there were four cases with WS who underwent cochlear implantation. These cases were assessed for age at implantation, clinical and radiological features, operative and perioperative course, and performance outcomes. Auditory perception and speech production ability were evaluated using categories of auditory performance (CAP), meaningful auditory integration scales (MAIS), and speech intelligibility rating (SIR) during the follow-up period. RESULTS: In this group of children with WS, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months, the CAP score ranged from 3 to 5, MAIS from 25 to 30, and SIR was 3. These scores are comparable with those of other cochlear implantees.

Cochlear implants in Waardenburg syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Waardenburg syndrome is an autosomal-dominant syndrome characterized by dystopia canthorum, hyperplasia of the eyebrows, heterochromia irides, a white forelock, and sensorineural hearing loss in 20% to 55% of patients. This patient population accounts for approximately 2% of congenitally deaf children. The purpose of this retrospective case review was to describe the outcomes for those children with Waardenburg syndrome who have undergone cochlear implantation. METHODS: Pediatric cochlear implant recipients with documented evidence of Waardenburg syndrome underwent retrospective case review. All patients received their cochlear implants at the study institution followed by outpatient auditory habilitation. Charts were reviewed for etiology and duration of deafness, age at time of cochlear implantation, perioperative complications, duration of use, and performance outcomes. Results of standard tests batteries for speech perception and production administered as a part of the patients' auditory habilitation were reviewed. RESULTS: Seven patients with Waardenburg syndrome and cochlear implants were identified. The average age at implantation was 37 months (range, 18-64 months) and the average duration of use was 69 months (range, 12-143 months). All of these patients are active users of their devices and perform very well after implantation. There were no major complications in this small group of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss without other comorbidities (e.g., developmental delay, inner ear malformations) perform well when they receive cochlear implantation and auditory habilitation. Patients with Waardenburg syndrome can be expected to have above-average performance after cochlear implantation.

Blood flow measurements in the ears of patients receiving cochlear implants.

We measured cochlear blood flow in 12 patients who received cochlear implants, using a laser-Doppler probe with an outer diameter of 0.8 mm. The subjects had congenital deafness, idiopathic progressive sensorineural hearing loss, Waardenburg's syndrome, narrow internal auditory canal, or sudden deafness. Putting the probe tip to the site of drilling for cochlear implantation, we measured blood flow before, during, and after the cochlear bony wall was opened. The laser-Doppler output was confirmed even after the tip of the probe was inserted into the perilymphatic space in all cases. Our results revealed that blood flow was maintained in all cochleas, although there was a probability of reduction in blood flow volume. We conclude that laser-Doppler flowmetry is both relatively safe and useful for measuring blood flow in the ears during cochlear implantation procedures.

Waardenburg's syndrome. Report of a case with nasal atresia.

A 20-year-old man with Waardenburg's syndrome presented with breathing difficulties and aesthetic problems with the nose. He was successfully treated with composite grafts from the auricles.